TWO: pre-trip inspection, during & after
Section 2
DRIVING SAFELY
This Section Covers
- Vehicle Inspection
- Basic Control of Your Vehicle
- Shifting Gears
- Seeing
- Communicating
- Space Management
- Controlling Your Speed
- Seeing Hazards
- Distracted Driving
- Aggressive Drivers/Road Rage
- Night Driving & Driver Fatigue
- Driving in Fog
- Winter Driving
- Hot Weather Driving
- Railroad-highway Crossings
- Mountain Driving
- Driving Emergencies
- Antilock Braking Systems
- Skid Control and Recovery
- Accident Procedures
- Fires
- Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Driving
- Hazardous Materials Rules
This section contains knowledge and safe driving information that all commercial drivers should know. You must pass a test on this information to get a CDL. This section does not have specific information on air brakes, combination vehicles, doubles, or passenger vehicles. When preparing for the Vehicle Inspection Test, you must review the material in Section 11 in addition to the information in this section. This section does have basic information on hazardous materials (HazMat) that all drivers should know. If you need a HazMat endorsement, you should study Section 9.
2.1 – Vehicle Inspection
2.1.1 – Why Inspect
Safety is the most important reason you inspect your vehicle, safety for yourself and for other road users. A vehicle defect found during an inspection could save you problems later. You could have a breakdown on the road that will cost time and dollars, or even worse, a crash caused by the defect. Federal and state laws require that drivers inspect their vehicles. Federal and state inspectors also may inspect your vehicles. If they judge the vehicle to be unsafe, they will put it "out of service" until it is fixed.
2.1.2 – Types of Vehicle Inspection
Vehicle Inspection. A Vehicle inspection will help you find problems that could cause a crash or breakdown.
During a Trip. For safety you should: Watch gauges for signs of trouble. Use your senses to check for problems (look, listen, smell, feel).
Check critical items when you stop:
- Tires, wheels and rims.
- Brakes.
- Lights and reflectors.
- Brake and electrical connections to trailer.
- Trailer coupling devices.
- Cargo securement devices.
After-trip Inspection and Report. You should do an after-trip inspection at the end of the trip, day, or tour of duty on each vehicle you operated. It may include filling out a vehicle condition report listing any problems you find. The inspection report helps a motor carrier know when the vehicle needs repairs.
2.1.3 – What to Look For
- Tire Problems
- Too much or too little air pressure.
Bad wear. You need at least 4/32-inch tread depth in every major groove on front tires. You need 2/32 inch on other tires. No fabric should show through the tread or sidewall.
- Cuts or other damage.
- Tread separation.
- Dual tires that come in contact with each other or parts of the vehicle.
- Mismatched sizes.
- Radial and bias-ply tires used together.
- Cut or cracked valve stems.
- Re-grooved, recapped, or retreaded tires on the front wheels of a bus are prohibited.
- Wheel and Rim Problems.
- Damaged rims.
- Rust around wheel nuts may mean the nuts are loose--check tightness. After a tire has beenchanged, stop a short while later and re-check tightness of nuts.
- Missing clamps, spacers, studs, or lugs means danger.
- Mismatched, bent, or cracked lock rings are dangerous.
- Wheels or rims that have had welding repairs are not safe.
they are excessively thin, they won’t provide adequate braking force and may be unsafe.
- Steering System Defects
- Missing nuts, bolts, cotter keys, or other parts.
- Bent, loose, or broken parts, such as steering column, steering gear box, or tie rods.
- Loose, broken, or missing exhaust pipes, mufflers, tailpipes, or vertical stacks.
- Loose, broken, or missing mounting brackets, clamps, bolts, or nuts.
- Exhaust system parts rubbing against fuel system parts, tires, or other moving parts of vehicle.
- Exhaust system parts that are leaking.
- Fire extinguisher(s).
- Spare electrical fuses (unless equipped with circuit breakers).
- Warning devices for parked vehicles: three reflective triangles or at least 6 fuses or 3 liquid burning flares).
Review Last Vehicle Inspection Report. Drivers may have to make a vehicle inspection report in writing each day. The motor carrier must repair any items in the report that affect safety and certify on the report that repairs were made or were unnecessary. You must sign the report only if defects were noted and certified to be repaired or not needed to be repaired.
- Engine oil level.
- Coolant level in radiator; condition of hoses.
- Power steering fluid level; hose condition (if so equipped).
- Windshield washer fluid level.
- Battery fluid level, connections and tie downs (battery may be located elsewhere)
- Automatic transmission fluid level (may require engine to be running).
- Check belts for tightness and excessive wear (alternator, water pump, air compressor)--learn how much "give" the belts should have when adjusted right, and check each one.
- Leaks in the engine compartment (fuel, coolant, oil, power steering fluid, hydraulic fluid, battery fluid).
- Cracked, worn electrical wiring insulation.
- Lower and secure hood, cab, or engine compartment door.
- Make sure parking brake is on.
- Put gearshift in neutral (or "park" if automatic).
- Start engine; listen for unusual noises.
Air pressure. Pressure should build from 50 to 90 psi within 3 minutes. Build air pressure to governor cut-out (usually around 120 – 140 psi. Know your vehicle’s requirements.Ammeter and/or voltmeter. Should be in normal range(s).Coolant temperature. Should begin gradual rise to normal operating range.Engine oil temperature. Should begin gradual rise to normal operating range.
Warning lights and buzzers. Oil, coolant, charging circuit warning, and antilock brake system lights should go out right away.
- Steering wheel.
- Clutch.
- Accelerator ("gas pedal").
- Brake controls.
- Foot brake.
- Trailer brake (if vehicle has one).
- Parking brake.
- Retarder controls (if vehicle has them).
- Transmission controls.
- Interaxle differential lock (if vehicle has one).
- Horn(s).
- Windshield wiper/washer.
- Lights.
- Headlights.
- Dimmer switch.
- Turn signal.
- Four-way flashers.
- Parking, clearance, switch(es). identification, marker switches.
- Spare electrical fuses (unless vehicle has circuit breakers).
- Three red reflective triangles, 6 fusees or 3 liquid burning flares.
- Properly charged and rated fire extinguisher.
- Check for optional items such as:
- Chains (where winter conditions require).
- Tire changing equipment.
- List of emergency phone numbers
- Accident reporting kit (packet).
- Push dimmer switch and check that high beams work.
- Turn off headlights and four-way emergency flashers.
- Turn on parking, clearance, side-marker, and identification lights.
- Turn on right turn signal, and start walk-around inspection.
Walk around and inspect.
Clean all lights, reflectors, and glass as you go along.
Driver's door glass should be clean.Door latches or locks should work properly.
Condition of wheel and rim--missing, bent, broken studs, clamps, lugs, or any signs of misalignment.Condition of tires--properly inflated, valve stem and cap OK, no serious cuts, bulges, or tread wear.Use wrench to test rust-streaked lug nuts, indicating looseness.Hub oil level OK, no leaks.
Condition of spring, spring hangers, shackles, u-bolts.Shock absorber condition.
Condition of brake drum or disc.Condition of hoses.
Condition of front axle.Condition of steering system.No loose, worn, bent, damaged or missing parts.Must grab steering mechanism to test for looseness.Condition of windshield.Check for damage and clean if dirty.Check windshield wiper arms for proper spring tension.Check wiper blades for damage, "stiff" rubber, and securement.Lights and reflectors.Parking, clearance, and identification lights clean, operating, and proper color (amber at front).
Reflectors clean and proper color (amber at front).Right front turn signal light clean, operating, and proper color (amber or white on signals facing forward).
Right front: check all items as done on left front.Primary and secondary safety cab locks engaged (if cab-over-engine design).
Right fuel tank(s).
Securely mounted, not damaged, or leaking.Fuel crossover line secure.Tank(s) contain enough fuel.Cap(s) on and secure.
Condition of visible parts.
Rear of engine--not leaking.Transmission--not leaking.Exhaust system--secure, not leaking, not touching wires, fuel, or air-lines.Frame and cross members--no bends or cracks.
Air-lines and electrical wiring--secured against snagging, rubbing, wearing.Spare tire carrier or rack not damaged (if so equipped).Spare tire and/or wheel securely mounted in rack.Spare tire and wheel adequate (proper size, properly inflated).
Cargo securement (trucks).
Cargo properly blocked, braced, tied, chained, etc.Header board adequate, secure (if required).Side boards, stakes strong enough, free of damage, properly set in place (if so equipped). Canvas or tarp (if required) properly secured to prevent tearing, billowing, or blocking of mirrors.
If oversize, all required signs (flags, lamps, and reflectors) safely and properly mounted and all required permits in driver's possession.
Curbside cargo compartment doors in good condition, securely closed, latched/locked and required security seals in place.
Right Rear
- Condition of wheels and rims--no missing, bent, or broken spacers, studs, clamps, or lugs.
- Condition of tires--properly inflated, valve stems and caps OK, no serious cuts, bulges, tread wear, tires not rubbing each other, and nothing stuck between them.
- Tires same type, e.g., not mixed radial and bias types.
- Tires evenly matched (same sizes).
- Wheel bearing/seals not leaking.
- Suspension.
- Condition of spring(s), spring hangers, shackles, and u-bolts.
- Axle secure.
- Powered axle(s) not leaking lube (gear oil).
- Condition of torque rod arms, bushings.
- Condition of shock absorber(s).
- If retractable axle equipped, check condition of lift mechanism. If air powered, check for leaks.
- Condition of air ride components.
- Brakes.
- Brake adjustment.
- Condition of brake drum(s) or discs.
- Condition of hoses--look for any wear due to rubbing.
- Lights and reflectors.
- Side-marker lights clean, operating, and proper color (red at rear, others amber).
- Side-marker reflectors clean and proper color (red at rear, others amber).
Rear
- Lights and reflectors.
- Rear clearance and identification lights clean,
- operating, and proper color (red at rear).
- Reflectors clean and proper color (red at rear).
- Taillights clean, operating, and proper color (red at rear).
- Right rear turn signal operating, and proper color (red, yellow, or amber at rear).
- License plate(s) present, clean, and secured.
- Splash guards present, not damaged, properly fastened, not dragging on ground, or rubbing tires.
- Cargo secure (trucks).
- Cargo properly blocked, braced, tied, chained, etc.
- Tailboards up and properly secured.
- End gates free of damage, properly secured in stake sockets.
- Canvas or tarp (if required) properly secured to prevent tearing, billowing, or blocking of either the rearview mirrors or rear lights.
- If over-length, or over-width, make sure all signs and/or additional lights/flags are safely and properly mounted and all required permits are in driver's possession.
- Rear doors securely closed, latched/locked.
Left Side
- Check all items as done on right side, plus:
- Battery(ies) (if not mounted in engine
- compartment).
- Battery box(es) securely mounted to vehicle.
- Box has secure cover.
- Battery(ies) secured against movement.
- Battery(ies) not broken or leaking.
- Fluid in battery(ies) at proper level (except maintenance-free type).
- Cell caps present and securely tightened (except maintenance-free type).
- Vents in cell caps free of foreign material (except maintenance-free type).
Step 6: Check Signal Lights
Get In and Turn Off Lights
- Turn off all lights.
- Turn on stop lights (apply trailer hand brake or have a helper put on the brake pedal).
- Turn on left turn signal lights.
- Left front turn signal light clean, operating and proper color (amber or white on signals facing the front).
- Left rear turn signal light and both stop lights clean, operating, and proper color (red, yellow, or amber).
Get In Vehicle
Turn off lights not needed for driving.
Check for all required papers, trip manifests,
permits, etc.
Secure all loose articles in cab (they might interfere
with operation of the controls or hit you in a crash).
Start the engine.
Step 7: Start the Engine and Check
Test for Hydraulic Leaks. With the engine running,
if the vehicle has hydraulic brakes, pump the brake
pedal three times. Then apply firm pressure to the
pedal and hold for five seconds. The pedal should
not move. If it does, there may be a leak or other
problem. Get it fixed before driving. If the vehicle
has air brakes, do the checks described in Sections
5 and 6 of this manual.
Brake System
Test Parking Brake(s)
Fasten safety belt
Set parking brake (power unit only).
Release trailer parking brake (if applicable).
Place vehicle into a low gear.
Gently pull forward against parking brake to make
sure the parking brake holds.
Repeat the same steps for the trailer with trailer
parking brake set and power unit parking brakes
released (if applicable).
If it doesn't hold vehicle, it is faulty; get it fixed.
Test Service Brake Stopping Action
Go about five miles per hour.
Push brake pedal firmly
"Pulling" to one side or the other can mean brake
trouble.
Any unusual brake pedal "feel" or delayed stopping
action can mean trouble.
If you find anything unsafe during the Vehicle
inspection, get it fixed. Federal and state laws forbid
operating an unsafe vehicle.
2.1.6 – Inspection during a Trip
Check Vehicle Operation Regularly
You should check:
Instruments.
Air pressure gauge (if you have air brakes).
Temperature gauges.
Pressure gauges.
Ammeter/voltmeter.
Mirrors.
Tires.
Cargo, cargo covers.
Lights, etc
If you see, hear, smell, or feel anything that might
mean trouble, check it out.
Safety Inspection. Drivers of trucks and truck
tractors when transporting cargo must inspect the
securement of the cargo within the first 50 miles of
a trip and every 150 miles or every three hours
(whichever comes first) after.
2.1.7 – After-trip Inspection and Report
You may have to make a written report each day on
the condition of the vehicle(s) you drove. Report
anything affecting safety or possibly leading to
mechanical breakdown.
Subsection 2.1
Test Your Knowledge
The vehicle inspection report tells the motor carrier about problems that may need fixing. Keep a copy of your report in the vehicle for one day. That way, the next driver can learn about any problems you have found.
1. What is the most important reason for doing a vehicle inspection? SAFETY
2. What things should you check during a trip? Tires, Suspension, Lights, Controls,
3. Name some key steering system parts. TIRE ROD, HYDRAULIC FLUID RESEVOIRE, GEER BOX, PITMAN ARM, DRAG LINK, SPINDLE, SEERING KNUCKLE, STEERING ARM, POWER STEERING CYLINDER, STEERING SHAFT.
4. Name some suspension system defects. Spring hangers that allow movement of axle from proper position. See Figure 2.2. Cracked or broken spring hangers. Missing or broken leaves in any leaf spring. If one fourth or more are missing, it will put the vehicle "out of service", but any defect could be dangerous. See Figure 2.3. Broken leaves in a multi-leaf spring or leaves that have shifted so they might hit a tire or other part. Leaking shock absorbers.
Torque rod or arm, u-bolts, spring hangers, or other axle positioning parts that are cracked, damaged, or missing.
Air suspension systems that are damaged and/or leaking. See Figure 2.4. Any loose, cracked, broken, or missing frame members.
5. What three kinds of emergency equipment must you have? Fire extinguisher(s). Spare electrical fuses (unless equipped with circuit breakers). Warning devices for parked vehicles: three reflective triangles or at least 6 fusees or 3 liquid burning flares).
6. What is the minimum tread depth for front tires? For other tires? You need at least 4/32-inch tread depth in every major groove on front tires. You need 2/32 inch on other tires.
7. Name some things you should check on the front of your vehicle during the walk around inspection.
- Condition of front axle.
- Condition of steering system.
- No loose, worn, bent, damaged or missing parts.
- Must grab steering mechanism to test for looseness.
- Condition of windshield.
- Check for damage and clean if dirty.
- Check windshield wiper arms for proper spring tension.
- Check wiper blades for damage, "stiff" rubber, and securement.
- Lights and reflectors.
- Parking, clearance, and identification lights clean, operating, and proper color (amber at front).
- Reflectors clean and proper color (amber at front).
- Right front turn signal light clean, operating, and proper color (amber or white on signals facing forward).
8. What should wheel bearing seals be checked for? LEAKING
9. How many red reflective triangles should you carry? THREE
10. How do you test hydraulic brakes for leaks?
Test for Hydraulic Leaks. With the engine running, if the vehicle has hydraulic brakes, pump the brake pedal three times. Then apply firm pressure to the pedal and hold for five seconds. The pedal should not move. If it does, there may be a leak or other problem. Get it fixed before driving. If the vehicle has air brakes, do the checks described in Sections 5 and 6 of this manual.
11. Why put the starter switch key in your pocket during the Vehicle inspection? SAFETY
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